Introduction: CARDIOVASCULAR diseases are the most common causes of mortality in the world. Increased blood pressure is one of the most important risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR diseases. Decreasing blood pressure due to exercise can reduce the risk of CARDIOVASCULAR incidents. Thus, the objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of exercise on blood pressure, heart rate and rate pressure product.materials and methods: To evaluate the effects of intensity and volume of resistance exercises on the post-exercise CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSES, 10 young untrained non-athletic men (age: 22±0.8 years; height: 173.05±2.4 cms and weight: 67.2±3.4 kgs) participated in this study as the subjects. The subjects performed four exercise bouts in a randomized order. Each bout consisted of five exercises: arm curl, hamstring curl, squat, seated lat pull-down and bench press. The exercises were determined to be performed at three sets: SHORT volume of LOW 40% 1RM (SL) and HIGH intensity 80%1RM (SH) and at six sets: LONG volume of LOW 40% 1RM (LL) and HIGH intensity 80% 1RM (LH). Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and rate pressure product (RPP) (product of HR and systolic BP) were measured before the exercise (baseline) and at the ten-minute intervals within 90 minutes after each exercise. Then, the data were analyzed using two way ANOVA repeated measures and LSD post-hoc tests.results: Systolic BP was found to be Affected by the volume and intensity of exercise and became lower during 10 to 60 minutes after the exercises (P<0.05). However, Diastolic BP was not altered after the exercise bouts. HR was increased in 30 minutes after LL and SL, and within 60 minutes after SH and LH exercises (P<0.05). In contrast, after SH and LH, RPP was increased over a period of 50 minutes.Conclusion: The intensity and volume of resistance exercises do not influence the magnitude and duration of post-exercise hypotension. Also, HR and RPP post-exercise are not affected by the resistance exercise volume.

Valsalva maneuver (VM) is associated with rapid, intense changes is systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR). It is considered to cause lethal arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death in patients with CARDIOVASCULAR disorders, especially those with coronary artery disease. Intensity of CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSES to the VM probably could depend on cardiac preload and venous return which is varied in different body positions. This research was under taken to determine the degree of changes of SBP and HR during the VM in three, positions (flat, 70 elevated and sitting leaning forward) . The method of sequential and convenience sampling has been used for the selection of units under study: Based on study criteria, 42 individuals (21 males, 21 females) were selected. Cardiac monitoring was used to measure HR. Subjects produced a VM of 40 mmHg for 10 seconds in each of three positions. The cardiac monitor recorded the HR continuously and SBP was obtained before, during and after the VM. The results showed that the body position may affect the intensity of SBP and HR changes during the VM. This was verified by friedman analysis of variance (P=0.0000) and repeated measurements of the analysis of variance (P=0.000).The widest range in SBP took place in the 70 elevated positions. The narrowest range of changes in SBP and HR occurred in the flat position. It was concluded that the intensity of SBP and HR changes in sitting and leaning forward position significantly differed from 70 elevated position (P= 0.000). Also, no significant difference from flat position (SBP changes, P= 0.07 and HR changes, P=0.12) was observed. In addition, the sitting and leaning forward position would appear to be superior to other postures during unavoidable VM, especially in patients with coronary artery disease.    

Introduction: Due to the possible impact of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on biological markers of CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSES, it has become an essential part and hallmark of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders in the Fifth edition-DSM-5. This study aimed to investigate the biomarkers of CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSES in war veterans with PTSD.Materials and Methods: 34 male war veterans, among veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder in Kermanshah, participated in this cross sectional study on 2014. They were approved by medical committee as patients who suffer from PTSD. The data were collected by PTSD Checklist-Military version (PCL-M).Results: Data indicate that the mean age, the percentage of injury, and the duration that each individual spent in the war were 53.73, 45.72, and 4.07, respectively. The mean scores of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and body temperature were 123.72 mm Hg, 82.94 mm Hg, 89, and 36.51°C, respectively. In addition, the Pearson correlation coefficient among the biomarkers of CARDIOVASCULAR and the total score obtained in the posttraumatic stress disorder checklist was positive and significant.Conclusion: The results indicate the biological markers of CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSES as a risk factor for CARDIOVASCULAR diseases in the war veterans with PTSD.

Introduction: Laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation necessitate to start a surgery and induction of general anesthesia as well as the maintenance of the air way and to provide ventilation. However, Laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation may lead to hemodynamic response that appear with the symptoms of hypertension tachycardia, arrhythmia and myocardial ischemia and results in myocardial infarction and CVA. The present clinical trial study compared the effect of two rapid-onset narcotic, remifentanil and alfentanil on the hemodynamic RESPONSES to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation.Methods: We studied 80 patients aged 20-50 (ASA I & II) as candidates to elective surgery with general anesthesia. The patients were randomly divided into two groups of 40 with the similar induction. The first group received remifentanil 1mgr/kg and the second group alfentanil 15 mgr/kg one minute before induction. Systolic, diastolic, mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate was measured and recorded before induction, after the injection of drugs, after tracheal intubation, three and five minutes after tracheal intubation. The data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics.Results: Immediately, following the administration of narcotic and induction drug, systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure decreased significantly in two groups (p<0.05), but, heart rate increased in both groups which this increase was not statistically significant. After laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation all hemodynamic variants (except heart rate) increased (on basic level) and slowly decreased after three minutes in such a way that all hemodynamic variants returned to the level before intubation, in the fifth minute after intubation.Conclusion: Both remifentanil and alfentanil decreased hemodynamic variants due to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation. These drugs could be used safely to control hemodynamic RESPONSES which occur following tracheal intubation.